Crime and Punishment
by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Summary
Rodion Raskolnikov is a former law student living in a room so small he can touch the walls from his bed, in a Saint Petersburg summer that Dostoevsky renders as almost unbreathable. He has stopped attending lectures, stopped seeing people, and has been thinking his way toward a theory: that extraordinary men are permitted to step over ordinary moral limits, and that he may be one of them. He tests it on an elderly pawnbroker with an axe.
The murder happens early. The rest of the novel is the consequence, and the consequence is not what Raskolnikov expected. He does not get away with it and he does not get caught, at least not quickly. Instead he is pursued, gently and relentlessly, by an examining magistrate named Porfiry Petrovich who never quite accuses him, and by his own body, which keeps betraying him with fevers and faints.
It reads far faster than its reputation suggests. Dostoevsky was writing to serial deadlines and it shows in the best way: chapters end on hooks, the plot keeps moving, and there are long stretches of something close to comedy. The philosophical argument is carried in dialogue rather than lecture.
Be prepared for the intensity. Almost every character talks at the top of their voice about the largest possible subjects, and the emotional register rarely drops for long. The supporting cast is where much of the richness sits, particularly Raskolnikov's sister and the ruined official Marmeladov, whose family draws the novel toward its only real source of grace.
Give it fifty pages and the pressure becomes the pleasure. Choose a modern translation if you can, since the older ones flatten the comedy out of it.
Historical Context & Significance
Crime and Punishment appeared in twelve monthly instalments in The Russian Messenger across 1866, from the January issue to the December one, and its readers therefore met Raskolnikov at the pace of a serial, waiting a month at a time to learn whether he would be caught.
It was an immediate success and it settled Dostoevsky's standing. His reputation before it had been genuinely mixed, and this reestablished him as a major figure. The year was extraordinary even by his standards: while serialising this novel he was also dictating The Gambler to the young stenographer he would shortly marry, in order to meet a separate contractual deadline.
The book has since become one of the most widely read Russian novels and the usual entry point to Dostoevsky, and Raskolnikov's theory of the extraordinary man has echoed through a century and a half of fiction, philosophy and criminal psychology.